History of the Computer
1940
In1940, Samuel Williams and Stibitz complete a calculator which can operate on complex numbers, and give it the imaginative name of the Complex Number Calculator (CNC) later we call it Model I Relay Calculator. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC that located in New York, he used a telephone lines to connect. This telephone can switch parts for logic: 450 relays and 10 crossbar switches. Numbers are represented in "plus 3 BCD"; that is, for each decimal digit, 0 is represented by binary 0011, 1 by 0100, and so on up to 1100 for 9; this scheme requires fewer relays than straight BCD.
Rather than requiring users to come to the machine to use it, the calculator is provided with three remote keyboards, at various places in the building, in the form of teletypes. Only one can be used at a time, and the output is automatically displayed on the same one.
1941
Konrad Zuse (German Engineer) completed the Z3.Z3 is the first operational programmable calculator. It is better than the Z1 (completed on 1936) and Z2 (completed on 1939). In World War II the “Z machines” had been destroyed except the Z4.
Z3 works with floating point numbers having a 17-bits exponent, 4-bist mantissa (with a "1" bit automatically prefixed unless the number is 0), and a sign bit. The memory holds 64 of these words a 22-bits and therefore requires over 2600 relays. There are 1200 more in the arithmetic and control units.
The program, input, and output are implemented as described above for the Z1. Conditional jumps are not available. The machine can do 3-4 additions per second, and takes 3-5 seconds for a multiplication. It is a marginal decision whether to call the Z3 a prototype; with its small memory it is certainly not very useful on the equation- solving problems that the DVL was mostly interested in.
1942
Konrad Zuse started the design of the Z-4 with a mechanical memory. The
Z-4 was installed in 1950 in ETHZ in Zürich, Switzerland.
Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry complete a special-purpose calculator for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations, Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). This has 60 50-bit words of memory in the form of mounted on two revolving drums. The clock speed is 60 Hz, and an addition takes 1 second. For secondary memory it uses punch cards, moved around by the user. The holes are not actually punched in the cards, but burned. The punch card system's error rate is never reduced beyond 0.001%, and this isn't really good enough.
1943
Williams and Stibitz complete the programmable calculator called Relay Interpolator. All the program and data are read from paper tapes. Relay Interpolator used 440 relays. All the numbers are represented in a biquinary format using 7 relays for each digit, of which exactly 2 should be "on": 01 00001 for 0, 01 00010 for 1, and so on up to 10 10000 for 9.
Tommy Flowers and his team at Bletchley Park complete the first "Colossus". Colossus is used by British code breakers to read encrypted German messages during World War II. Colossus used vacuum tubes to perform the calculations. This successor to the "Robinson" series machines is entirely electronic, incorporating 2400 vacuum tubes for logic. It has 5 paper tape loop readers, each working at 5000 characters per second.
1944
Harvard Mark-1 (IBM ASCC) had completed in this year by Harvard Professor Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper is the first programmer. Harvard Mark-1 was build using 765000 components and hundreds of wires. It has 51 feet and height 8 feet. Harvard Mark-1 could handle all four arithmetic operations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions.
1945
Zuse almost completes his first full-scale machine Z4. Its memory reverts to the Z1's mechanical design, storing 1000 words of 32 bits in less then a cubic meter; the equivalent in relays would have filled a large room. Z4 works with floating point numbers having a 7-bits exponent, 1-bit mantissa.
As the war begins to go very badly for Germany, Zuse's work is disrupted several times, and then abandoned for the duration.
Zuse invents a programming language called Plankalkul, the first algorithmic programming language, with an aim of creating the theoretical preconditions for the formulation of problems of a general nature.
John von Neumann, having joined the ENIAC team and wrote the First Draft of a report on the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). This is the first description of the design of a stored-program computer, and gives rise to the term "von Neumann computer".
Grace Hopper recorded the first computer bug in the Harvard Mark 2. A moth makes the mistake of flying into the Harvard Mark II. A whimsical technician makes the logbook entry "first actual case of bug being found", and annotates it by taping down the remains of the moth.
1946
The ENIAC is revealed to the public because a machine had build by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. This project is started in 1943. It is 1000 square feet, speed is 5000 operations per second and used 18000 vacuums, punch card input.
The University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School gives a course on "Theory and Techniques for Design of Electronic Computers"; lectures are given by Eckert, Mauchly, Stibitz, von Neumann, and Aiken among others. The course leads to several projects being started, among them the EDSAC. Robert Dennis installs the inter-unit wiring as James Woody Jr. adjusts the deflection control circuits of the memory unit.
1947
Williams tube created by Sir Frederick Williams. He modified a cathode-ray tube to paint dots and dashes of phosphorescent electrical charge on the screen, representing binary 1 and 0.
The Tran resister or transistor is invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at the AT&T Bell Telephone Laboratories. Transistor is less breakable, quicker, uses less power, and produces less heat than the vacuum tube.
Aiken and his team complete the "Harvard Mark II", a large programmable calculator using relays both for its 50 floating- point registers and for the arithmetic unit, 13,000 of them in all.
Computer pioneers Presper Eckert and John Mauchly founded the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp. to construct machines based on their experience with ENIAC and EDVAC. The only machine the company built was BINAC. Before completing the UNIVAC, the company became a division of Remington Rand.
1948
Wallace Eckert of IBM with his team completes the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC). This technological hybrid has 8 vacuum tube registers, 150 words of relay memory, and 66 paper tape loops storing a total of 20,000 words. The word size is 20 digits, stored in BCD in the registers.
IBM introduces the IBM 604, a programmable calculator and card punch using vacuum tubes. It can read a card, perform up to 60 arithmetic operations in 80 milliseconds, and punch the results on the same card. The programming is by plug board.
All machines first mentioned in the chronology from here on are stored-program computers.
1949
Newman, Freddie C. Williams and their team at Manchester University, Manchester, England, complete a prototype machine, the Manchester Mark I. This is the first machine that everyone would call a computer, because it's the first with a true stored-program capability. This machine have 1300 vacuum tubes, I/O is paper tape, teleprinter, switches and main memory now upgraded to 128 40-bit words (on two CRTs), acquires a secondary memory in the form of a magnetic drum holding a further 1024 words.
Maurice Wilkes and his team at Cambridge University complete the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer (EDSAC). This is the first full-scale operational stored-program computer, and is therefore the final candidate for the title of "the first computer". In the EDSAC, 16 tanks of mercury give a total of 256 35-bit words and the clock speed of the EDSAC is 500 kHz. The most instructions take about 1500 ms to execute. Its I/O is by paper tape, and a set of constant registers is provided for booting.
Aiken's team completes the Harvard Mark III. This computer has separate magnetic drum memories for data and instructions. The total memory capacity is 4000 instructions, 350 16-bit words in the main data drums and 4000 words more in the secondary memory. The machine contains over 5000 vacuum tubes and 2000 relays.
1950
A group at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England, complete the pilot project for an Automatic Computing Engine (Pilot ACE). The main memory of this computer is in the form of 200 separate ultrasonic delay lines, thus allowing better addressability than other ultrasonic- based machines. An additional group of short delay lines serve as registers, each of which performs a particular operation automatic- ally on a number directed to it. Most operations then consist simply of routing a number, or a counted stream of numbers, from one delay line to another. Punch cards are used for input and output; a drum will be added later for secondary memory.
The National Bureau of Standards constructed the SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) in Washington as a laboratory for testing components and systems for setting computer standards. The SEAC was the first computer to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes, and the first stored-program computer completed in the United States. Magnetic tape in the external storage units (shown on the right of this photo) stored programming information, coded subroutines, numerical data, and output
Z4 is finally completed by Zuse.
1951
Grace Murray Hopper invents the modern concept of the compiler.
Presper Eckert and Mauchly sold their company to Remington Rand. And they also complete the first "UNIVAC", which is the first US commercial computer. UNIVAC has 1000 12-digit words of ultrasonic delay line memory and can do 8333 additions or 555 multiplications per second; it con- tains 5000 tubes and covers 200 square feet of floor. For secondary memory it uses magnetic tapes of nickel-coated bronze; these are 1/2 inch wide, and store 128 characters per inch.
T. Raymond Thompson, John Simmons, and their team complete the Lyons Electronic Office I (LEO I), which is modeled closely after the EDSAC. The Lyons company wants the LEO I for its own use- payroll, inventory, and so on; it is the first business computer. Its ultrasonic memory is 4 times as large, and avoids the usual temperature dependency by using one delay line as a master and synchronizing the others to it instead of to a clock.
Whirlwind was built at MIT. It was the first real-time interactive computer. With previous computers, there was no way to issue new commands once the program was running. Whirlwind used a keyboard to input new commands. This computer can run 35 hours a week at 90- percent utility using an electrostatic. It used 4500 vacuum tubes and 14800 diodes. Its I/O by cathode ray tube, paper tape, magnetic tape.
1952
Grace Murray Hopper completes the first compiler, the "A-0". This a program that allow user to use English-like words instead of numbers. The others compiler based on A-0 is follow by the Arith-Matic, Math-Matic and Flow-Matic.
1953
The EDVAC is finally completed. It has 4000 tubes, 10,000 crystal diodes, and 1024 44-bit words of ultrasonic memory. Its clock speed is 1 MHz.
IBM 701 had been created by IBM team. This is the first IBM computer.
1954
IBM created the second IBM computer called IBM 650.
1955
TRADIC is the first fully transistorized computer that completed by Felker and Harris. TRADIC contained 800 transistors instead if vacuum tubes.
In the same year, ENIAC had turned off.
1956
TX-0 had completed by the MIT. This is the frist general-purpose, programmable computer that builds with transistors.
MIT also begun experimentation on the direct keyboard input on computer.
IBM had build a computer called IBM 305 RAMAC. This is the first computer that shipped with a hard disk drive. It consisted of 50 magnetically coated metal platters with 5 million bytes of data.
1958
NEC build the first electronic computer called NEAC 1101.
Semi-Automatic Group Environment (SAGE) linked hundreds of radar stations in the United States and Canada in the first large-scale computer communications network. An operator directed actions by touching a light gun to the screen.The air defense system operated on the AN/FSQ-7 computer (known as Whirlwind II during its development at MIT) as its central computer. Each computer used a full megawatt of power to drive its 55,000 vacuum tubes, 175,000 diodes and 13,000 transistors.
1959
ERMA create a computer-readable font.
The Harvard-MARK I is turned off.
IBM´s 7000 series mainframes were the company´s first transistorized computers. At the top of the line of computers — all of which emerged significantly faster and more dependable than vacuum tube machines — sat the 7030, also known as the "Stretch." Nine of the computers, which featured a 64-bit word and other innovations, were sold to national laboratories and other scientific users. L. R. Johnson first used the term "architecture" in describing the Stretch.
1960
The first computer game called SpaceWar is created and it is install into the DEC’s PDP-1. PDP-1 is included with a cathode ray tube graphic display, needed no air condition and required only one operator.
1961
IBM come out a Disk Storage called IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit and IBM also create the IBM1400 series machine.
Fairchild Semiconductor introduces the integrated circuit.
1962
Laboratory Instrumentation Computer (LINC), Wesley Clark designed the first real time laboratory data processing.
1963
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII ) had permit machines from different manufacturers to exchange data. ASCII consists of 128 unique strings of ones and zeros. Each sequence represents a letter of the English alphabet, an Arabic numeral, an assortment of punctuation marks and symbols, or a function such as a carriage return.
Sketchpad had been published by the Ivan Sutherland. It can allow the designer to draw and manipulate geometric figures on the screen.
DAC-1 computer aided design program is released.
1964
IBM introduces the System/360.
Seymour Cray designed a supercomputer called CDC’s 6600.The processing time is faster than the IBM Stretch.
Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Language (BASIC) programming language had been created by Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny.
Online transaction processing made its debut in IBM´s SABRE reservation system, set up for American Airlines.
JOSS (Johnniac Open Shop System) conversational time-sharing service began on Rand´s Johnniac.
1965
The first commercially successful minicomputer called PDP-8 had introduced by Digital Equipment Corp.
Object-oriented languages got an early boost with Simula, written by Kristen Nygaard and Ole-John Dahl.
1966
Hewlett-Packard (HP) entered the general purpose computer business with its HP-2115 for computation, offering a computational power formerly found only in much larger computers.
The first large scale array computer- ILLIAC IV develop by The Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
1967
IBM delivered the first of its photo-digital storage systems to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. built the first standard metal oxide semiconductor product for data processing applications, an eight-bit arithmetic unit and accumulator.
Seymour Papert designed LOGO as a computer language for children.
1968
The Apollo Guidance Computer made its debut orbiting the Earth on Apollo 7.
Edsger Dijkstra´s "GO TO considered harmful" letter, published in Communications of the ACM, fired the first salvo in the structured programming wars.
1969
AT&T Bell Laboratories develop Unix Operating System.
1971
Intel published the advertisement for their new product Intel 4004. It had 2250 transistors and could perform up to 90,000 operations per second in four-bit chunks.
Kenbark -1 designed by John V. Blankenbaker. It is the first personal computer.
IBM team had develop the 8-inch floppy diskette.
1972
Intel 8008 microprocessor had created by Intel.
HP developed the HP-35.
1973
The first display of alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set –TV Typewriter had designed by Don Lancaster.
Micral is the frist computer that used the Intel 8008.
1974
Alto develop by the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. It is the frist work station with a built-in mouse for input.
Scelbi advertised its 8H computer, the first commercially advertised U.S. computer based on a microprocessor, Intel´s 8008.
1975
MITS designed the Altair 8800 with 1 KB of memory and it is based on Intel 8080.
Telenet was born.
1976
Apple I designed by steve Wozniak.
Cray I is the first commercially successful vector processor.
1977
Apple II had been designed.
1981
Sony created the floppy drivers.
1982
Mitch Kapor developed Lotus 1-2-3.
Commodore introduces the Commodore 64.
The Cray XMP
1983
Apple introduced its Lisa. The first personal computer with a graphical user interface, its development was central in the move to such systems for personal computers.
Compaq Computer Corp. introduced first PC
1984
Apple Computer launched the Macintosh, the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphic user interface
IBM released its PC Jr. and PC-AT. The PC Jr. failed
1985
The Amiga 1000 is released.
The C++ programming language emerged as the dominant object-oriented language in the computer industry when Bjarne Stroustrup published "The C++ Programming Language."
1986
David Miller of AT&T Bell Labs patented the optical transistor, a component central to digital optical computing. Called Self-ElectroOptic-Effect Device, or SEED
Compaq beat IBM to the market when it announced the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use Intel´s new 80386 chip, a 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors on each chip. At 4 million operations per second and 4 kilobytes of memory, the 80386 gave PCs as much speed and power as older mainframes and minicomputers.
IBM and MIPS released the first RISC-based workstations
Daniel Hillis of Thinking Machines Corp. moved artificial intelligence a step forward when he developed the controversial concept of massive parallelism in the Connection Machine. The machine used 16,000 processors and could complete several billion operations per second. Each processor had its own small memory linked with others through a flexible network that users could alter by reprogramming rather than rewiring.
1987
Motorola unveiled the 68030 microprocessor.
IBM introduced its PS/2 machines
Apple engineer William Atkinson designed HyperCard
1989
Intel released the 80486 microprocessor
Motorola announced the 68040 microprocessor
1993
Pentium x86 line microprocessor is released.
1994
The Iomega Zip Disk is released. It is based on the Iomega’s Bernoulli Box system of the file storage.
1995
Butterfly keyboard had introduced by the IBM.
CD Erasable had released
Digital Simultaneous Voice Data (DSVD) had developed by Intel. In the same time, Intel releases the new motherboard form factor ATX.
Extended DATA Out (EDO) memory had been created. It allows CPU to access memory 10 -15 percent faster the compatible Fast Page Memory.
1996
Intel releases the 200MHz P6.
Microsoft introduces the IntelliMouse also known as a wheel mouse.
Acer America Corporation introduces its designer home PCs.
1997
Intel introduces the MMX chip.
IBMs Deep Blue computer defeats world champion chess player Garry Kasparov in their second six-game showdown, winning the tie-breaking game in only 62 minutes.
Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, DVD or DVD-ROM is a type of disc drive that allows for large amounts of data on one disc the size of a standard Compact Disc.
Apple releases MAC OS 8.
1998
Intel releases the Celeron processor.
Compaq Computer purchases Digital Equipment Corporation for $9.6 billion on January 26, 1998.
1999
NVIDIA introduces the GPU.
2000
Computers continue to work and the world doesn't come to an end on January 1, 2000 as some feared might happen because of the year 2000 bug.
CNR is introduced by Intel February 07, 2000
ATI introduces their Radion product line on April 24, 2000.
2001
Intel announced that it will recall its 1.13 GHz Pentium III processors due to a glitch. Users with these processors should contact their vendors for additional information about the recall.
SATA 1.0 is introduced
AST Computers goes out of business and stops selling computers
Hewlett Packard announces plans to buy Compaq on September sixth.
2003
The first computer is infected with the Spybot worm
Intel announces the new BTX form factor.
Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) standard is announced on November 18, 2003 as a planned replacement for DVD.
Intel announces the new BTX form factor.
2006
The blu-ray is first announced and introduced at the 2006 CES.
Toshiba releases the first HD DVD player
Intel introduces the Core 2 Duo processors.
2008
The HD player war comes to an end when HD DVD calls it quit, making Blu-ray the victor
Reference:
http://www.computerhope.com/
http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/
Zuse almost completes his first full-scale machine Z4. Its memory reverts to the Z1's mechanical design, storing 1000 words of 32 bits in less then a cubic meter; the equivalent in relays would have filled a large room. Z4 works with floating point numbers having a 7-bits exponent, 1-bit mantissa.
As the war begins to go very badly for Germany, Zuse's work is disrupted several times, and then abandoned for the duration.
Zuse invents a programming language called Plankalkul, the first algorithmic programming language, with an aim of creating the theoretical preconditions for the formulation of problems of a general nature.
John von Neumann, having joined the ENIAC team and wrote the First Draft of a report on the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). This is the first description of the design of a stored-program computer, and gives rise to the term "von Neumann computer".
Grace Hopper recorded the first computer bug in the Harvard Mark 2. A moth makes the mistake of flying into the Harvard Mark II. A whimsical technician makes the logbook entry "first actual case of bug being found", and annotates it by taping down the remains of the moth.
1946
The ENIAC is revealed to the public because a machine had build by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. This project is started in 1943. It is 1000 square feet, speed is 5000 operations per second and used 18000 vacuums, punch card input.
The University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School gives a course on "Theory and Techniques for Design of Electronic Computers"; lectures are given by Eckert, Mauchly, Stibitz, von Neumann, and Aiken among others. The course leads to several projects being started, among them the EDSAC. Robert Dennis installs the inter-unit wiring as James Woody Jr. adjusts the deflection control circuits of the memory unit.
1947
Williams tube created by Sir Frederick Williams. He modified a cathode-ray tube to paint dots and dashes of phosphorescent electrical charge on the screen, representing binary 1 and 0.
The Tran resister or transistor is invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at the AT&T Bell Telephone Laboratories. Transistor is less breakable, quicker, uses less power, and produces less heat than the vacuum tube.
Aiken and his team complete the "Harvard Mark II", a large programmable calculator using relays both for its 50 floating- point registers and for the arithmetic unit, 13,000 of them in all.
Computer pioneers Presper Eckert and John Mauchly founded the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp. to construct machines based on their experience with ENIAC and EDVAC. The only machine the company built was BINAC. Before completing the UNIVAC, the company became a division of Remington Rand.
1948
Wallace Eckert of IBM with his team completes the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC). This technological hybrid has 8 vacuum tube registers, 150 words of relay memory, and 66 paper tape loops storing a total of 20,000 words. The word size is 20 digits, stored in BCD in the registers.
IBM introduces the IBM 604, a programmable calculator and card punch using vacuum tubes. It can read a card, perform up to 60 arithmetic operations in 80 milliseconds, and punch the results on the same card. The programming is by plug board.
All machines first mentioned in the chronology from here on are stored-program computers.
1949
Newman, Freddie C. Williams and their team at Manchester University, Manchester, England, complete a prototype machine, the Manchester Mark I. This is the first machine that everyone would call a computer, because it's the first with a true stored-program capability. This machine have 1300 vacuum tubes, I/O is paper tape, teleprinter, switches and main memory now upgraded to 128 40-bit words (on two CRTs), acquires a secondary memory in the form of a magnetic drum holding a further 1024 words.
Maurice Wilkes and his team at Cambridge University complete the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer (EDSAC). This is the first full-scale operational stored-program computer, and is therefore the final candidate for the title of "the first computer". In the EDSAC, 16 tanks of mercury give a total of 256 35-bit words and the clock speed of the EDSAC is 500 kHz. The most instructions take about 1500 ms to execute. Its I/O is by paper tape, and a set of constant registers is provided for booting.
Aiken's team completes the Harvard Mark III. This computer has separate magnetic drum memories for data and instructions. The total memory capacity is 4000 instructions, 350 16-bit words in the main data drums and 4000 words more in the secondary memory. The machine contains over 5000 vacuum tubes and 2000 relays.
1950
A group at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England, complete the pilot project for an Automatic Computing Engine (Pilot ACE). The main memory of this computer is in the form of 200 separate ultrasonic delay lines, thus allowing better addressability than other ultrasonic- based machines. An additional group of short delay lines serve as registers, each of which performs a particular operation automatic- ally on a number directed to it. Most operations then consist simply of routing a number, or a counted stream of numbers, from one delay line to another. Punch cards are used for input and output; a drum will be added later for secondary memory.
The National Bureau of Standards constructed the SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) in Washington as a laboratory for testing components and systems for setting computer standards. The SEAC was the first computer to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes, and the first stored-program computer completed in the United States. Magnetic tape in the external storage units (shown on the right of this photo) stored programming information, coded subroutines, numerical data, and output
Z4 is finally completed by Zuse.
1951
Grace Murray Hopper invents the modern concept of the compiler.
Presper Eckert and Mauchly sold their company to Remington Rand. And they also complete the first "UNIVAC", which is the first US commercial computer. UNIVAC has 1000 12-digit words of ultrasonic delay line memory and can do 8333 additions or 555 multiplications per second; it con- tains 5000 tubes and covers 200 square feet of floor. For secondary memory it uses magnetic tapes of nickel-coated bronze; these are 1/2 inch wide, and store 128 characters per inch.
T. Raymond Thompson, John Simmons, and their team complete the Lyons Electronic Office I (LEO I), which is modeled closely after the EDSAC. The Lyons company wants the LEO I for its own use- payroll, inventory, and so on; it is the first business computer. Its ultrasonic memory is 4 times as large, and avoids the usual temperature dependency by using one delay line as a master and synchronizing the others to it instead of to a clock.
Whirlwind was built at MIT. It was the first real-time interactive computer. With previous computers, there was no way to issue new commands once the program was running. Whirlwind used a keyboard to input new commands. This computer can run 35 hours a week at 90- percent utility using an electrostatic. It used 4500 vacuum tubes and 14800 diodes. Its I/O by cathode ray tube, paper tape, magnetic tape.
1952
Grace Murray Hopper completes the first compiler, the "A-0". This a program that allow user to use English-like words instead of numbers. The others compiler based on A-0 is follow by the Arith-Matic, Math-Matic and Flow-Matic.
1953
The EDVAC is finally completed. It has 4000 tubes, 10,000 crystal diodes, and 1024 44-bit words of ultrasonic memory. Its clock speed is 1 MHz.
IBM 701 had been created by IBM team. This is the first IBM computer.
1954
IBM created the second IBM computer called IBM 650.
1955
TRADIC is the first fully transistorized computer that completed by Felker and Harris. TRADIC contained 800 transistors instead if vacuum tubes.
In the same year, ENIAC had turned off.
1956
TX-0 had completed by the MIT. This is the frist general-purpose, programmable computer that builds with transistors.
MIT also begun experimentation on the direct keyboard input on computer.
IBM had build a computer called IBM 305 RAMAC. This is the first computer that shipped with a hard disk drive. It consisted of 50 magnetically coated metal platters with 5 million bytes of data.
1958
NEC build the first electronic computer called NEAC 1101.
Semi-Automatic Group Environment (SAGE) linked hundreds of radar stations in the United States and Canada in the first large-scale computer communications network. An operator directed actions by touching a light gun to the screen.The air defense system operated on the AN/FSQ-7 computer (known as Whirlwind II during its development at MIT) as its central computer. Each computer used a full megawatt of power to drive its 55,000 vacuum tubes, 175,000 diodes and 13,000 transistors.
1959
ERMA create a computer-readable font.
The Harvard-MARK I is turned off.
IBM´s 7000 series mainframes were the company´s first transistorized computers. At the top of the line of computers — all of which emerged significantly faster and more dependable than vacuum tube machines — sat the 7030, also known as the "Stretch." Nine of the computers, which featured a 64-bit word and other innovations, were sold to national laboratories and other scientific users. L. R. Johnson first used the term "architecture" in describing the Stretch.
1960
The first computer game called SpaceWar is created and it is install into the DEC’s PDP-1. PDP-1 is included with a cathode ray tube graphic display, needed no air condition and required only one operator.
1961
IBM come out a Disk Storage called IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit and IBM also create the IBM1400 series machine.
Fairchild Semiconductor introduces the integrated circuit.
1962
Laboratory Instrumentation Computer (LINC), Wesley Clark designed the first real time laboratory data processing.
1963
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII ) had permit machines from different manufacturers to exchange data. ASCII consists of 128 unique strings of ones and zeros. Each sequence represents a letter of the English alphabet, an Arabic numeral, an assortment of punctuation marks and symbols, or a function such as a carriage return.
Sketchpad had been published by the Ivan Sutherland. It can allow the designer to draw and manipulate geometric figures on the screen.
DAC-1 computer aided design program is released.
1964
IBM introduces the System/360.
Seymour Cray designed a supercomputer called CDC’s 6600.The processing time is faster than the IBM Stretch.
Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Language (BASIC) programming language had been created by Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny.
Online transaction processing made its debut in IBM´s SABRE reservation system, set up for American Airlines.
JOSS (Johnniac Open Shop System) conversational time-sharing service began on Rand´s Johnniac.
1965
The first commercially successful minicomputer called PDP-8 had introduced by Digital Equipment Corp.
Object-oriented languages got an early boost with Simula, written by Kristen Nygaard and Ole-John Dahl.
1966
Hewlett-Packard (HP) entered the general purpose computer business with its HP-2115 for computation, offering a computational power formerly found only in much larger computers.
The first large scale array computer- ILLIAC IV develop by The Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
1967
IBM delivered the first of its photo-digital storage systems to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. built the first standard metal oxide semiconductor product for data processing applications, an eight-bit arithmetic unit and accumulator.
Seymour Papert designed LOGO as a computer language for children.
1968
The Apollo Guidance Computer made its debut orbiting the Earth on Apollo 7.
Edsger Dijkstra´s "GO TO considered harmful" letter, published in Communications of the ACM, fired the first salvo in the structured programming wars.
1969
AT&T Bell Laboratories develop Unix Operating System.
1971
Intel published the advertisement for their new product Intel 4004. It had 2250 transistors and could perform up to 90,000 operations per second in four-bit chunks.
Kenbark -1 designed by John V. Blankenbaker. It is the first personal computer.
IBM team had develop the 8-inch floppy diskette.
1972
Intel 8008 microprocessor had created by Intel.
HP developed the HP-35.
1973
The first display of alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set –TV Typewriter had designed by Don Lancaster.
Micral is the frist computer that used the Intel 8008.
1974
Alto develop by the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. It is the frist work station with a built-in mouse for input.
Scelbi advertised its 8H computer, the first commercially advertised U.S. computer based on a microprocessor, Intel´s 8008.
1975
MITS designed the Altair 8800 with 1 KB of memory and it is based on Intel 8080.
Telenet was born.
1976
Apple I designed by steve Wozniak.
Cray I is the first commercially successful vector processor.
1977
Apple II had been designed.
1981
Sony created the floppy drivers.
1982
Mitch Kapor developed Lotus 1-2-3.
Commodore introduces the Commodore 64.
The Cray XMP
1983
Apple introduced its Lisa. The first personal computer with a graphical user interface, its development was central in the move to such systems for personal computers.
Compaq Computer Corp. introduced first PC
1984
Apple Computer launched the Macintosh, the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphic user interface
IBM released its PC Jr. and PC-AT. The PC Jr. failed
1985
The Amiga 1000 is released.
The C++ programming language emerged as the dominant object-oriented language in the computer industry when Bjarne Stroustrup published "The C++ Programming Language."
1986
David Miller of AT&T Bell Labs patented the optical transistor, a component central to digital optical computing. Called Self-ElectroOptic-Effect Device, or SEED
Compaq beat IBM to the market when it announced the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use Intel´s new 80386 chip, a 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors on each chip. At 4 million operations per second and 4 kilobytes of memory, the 80386 gave PCs as much speed and power as older mainframes and minicomputers.
IBM and MIPS released the first RISC-based workstations
Daniel Hillis of Thinking Machines Corp. moved artificial intelligence a step forward when he developed the controversial concept of massive parallelism in the Connection Machine. The machine used 16,000 processors and could complete several billion operations per second. Each processor had its own small memory linked with others through a flexible network that users could alter by reprogramming rather than rewiring.
1987
Motorola unveiled the 68030 microprocessor.
IBM introduced its PS/2 machines
Apple engineer William Atkinson designed HyperCard
1989
Intel released the 80486 microprocessor
Motorola announced the 68040 microprocessor
1993
Pentium x86 line microprocessor is released.
1994
The Iomega Zip Disk is released. It is based on the Iomega’s Bernoulli Box system of the file storage.
1995
Butterfly keyboard had introduced by the IBM.
CD Erasable had released
Digital Simultaneous Voice Data (DSVD) had developed by Intel. In the same time, Intel releases the new motherboard form factor ATX.
Extended DATA Out (EDO) memory had been created. It allows CPU to access memory 10 -15 percent faster the compatible Fast Page Memory.
1996
Intel releases the 200MHz P6.
Microsoft introduces the IntelliMouse also known as a wheel mouse.
Acer America Corporation introduces its designer home PCs.
1997
Intel introduces the MMX chip.
IBMs Deep Blue computer defeats world champion chess player Garry Kasparov in their second six-game showdown, winning the tie-breaking game in only 62 minutes.
Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, DVD or DVD-ROM is a type of disc drive that allows for large amounts of data on one disc the size of a standard Compact Disc.
Apple releases MAC OS 8.
1998
Intel releases the Celeron processor.
Compaq Computer purchases Digital Equipment Corporation for $9.6 billion on January 26, 1998.
1999
NVIDIA introduces the GPU.
2000
Computers continue to work and the world doesn't come to an end on January 1, 2000 as some feared might happen because of the year 2000 bug.
CNR is introduced by Intel February 07, 2000
ATI introduces their Radion product line on April 24, 2000.
2001
Intel announced that it will recall its 1.13 GHz Pentium III processors due to a glitch. Users with these processors should contact their vendors for additional information about the recall.
SATA 1.0 is introduced
AST Computers goes out of business and stops selling computers
Hewlett Packard announces plans to buy Compaq on September sixth.
2003
The first computer is infected with the Spybot worm
Intel announces the new BTX form factor.
Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) standard is announced on November 18, 2003 as a planned replacement for DVD.
Intel announces the new BTX form factor.
2006
The blu-ray is first announced and introduced at the 2006 CES.
Toshiba releases the first HD DVD player
Intel introduces the Core 2 Duo processors.
2008
The HD player war comes to an end when HD DVD calls it quit, making Blu-ray the victor
Reference:
http://www.computerhope.com/
http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/
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