The Technology 4 U

What is Protocol A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. Protocol defines:  What is communicated  How it is communicated  When it is communicated  The key elements of a protocol are:  Syntax : structure/format of the data (the order in which they are presented).  Semantics : meaning of each section of bits (does an address identify the route to be taken or the final destination of the message?)  Timing : when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent. Example sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps – thus the transmission will overload the receiver and data largely lost. Standards  Standards provides a model for development that makes it possible for a product to work regardless of the individual manufacturer. Standards by fact NOT been approved by an organized body but have been adopted as standards through widespread use. Example. Hayes modem command set, IBM PC bus Standards By laws

What is Networks IS a set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links. Node (computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network) Categorized by geographic scope: LANs, MANs, WANs

Protocol - set of rules that governs data Communication. Without protocol it may connected but not communicate. Receiver  - device that receives the message. E.g.: Computer, Workstation, Telephone handset, TV, and so on. Message  – information(data) To be communicated. E.g.: Text, numbers, sound, or video, Or any combination of these. Medium  - physical path by which a message travel. E.g.: twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, or radio waves (terrestrial or satellite microwave) Sender  - device that sends the message. E.g.: Computer, Workstation, Telephone handset, TV, and so on.

What is Data Communications? Data Communications is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as wire cable. An effective data communications has 3 characteristics: